教学教研
高中研训
2020年武昌区高中英语优秀论文6
阅读次数:[]次
浅谈高考英语阅读细节理解题答题技巧
湖北大学附属中学 田菊敏
摘要:阅读能力是高考考察的重点之一,而对文章细节理解的考察在高考阅读理解题中占有很大的比重。本文以2018-2020这三年的高考题(高考英语全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ)为例,分析了细节理解题的特点,详细阐述了解答细节理解题的应对策略及技巧。
关键词:高考英语;阅读理解;细节理解题;命题分析;答题方法
一、 引言
普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲中对英语阅读的要求是:考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能:(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中具体信息;(3)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;(4)做出判断和推理;(5)理解文章的基本结构;(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。因而高考英语试题中阅读理解题通常为四类:细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题。其中占比重最大的是细节理解题:2020全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ中细节题分别占67%和60%;2019全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ细节题均占47%;2018全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ中细节题分别占53%和40%。做好细节理解题是阅读题拿高分的基本要求,也是答好主旨大意题和推理判断题这些深层次理解题的基础。随着高考改革方案的实施,英语高考题型也发生了一些变化,然而无论高考怎样变化,学生的阅读理解能力在高考中的地位仍然是不变的。要想英语在高考中取得好成绩,必修做好阅读理解题,而要做好阅读理解题,首先要保证细节理解题不丢分。
二、 细节理解题的特点
1.  题干设计
细节理解题旨在考查考生准确搜索、理解信息的能力。考察内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和方式。细节题主要的设题方式一般是特殊疑问句的形式。以when, where, what, who, why, how,which等疑问词开头引出问题。常见的方式有:According to the passage, what / where / when / why / who / which / how / how many / how much / how long / how soon / how often…? Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? What is special about…? Which of the following tells about…? Why does/do/did…? 例如:What would you do to get ticket information?(2020全国卷Ⅰ第21题)In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play? (2020全国卷Ⅱ第24题)How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play? (2020全国卷Ⅱ第26题)题干中常出现一些表示人名、地名的专有名词;表示年份、数字、百分数等数词;大写的名词等定位词。例如:What kind of book is Gone Girl? (2019全国卷Ⅱ第23题)Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes?(2020全国卷Ⅰ第23题)题干所提供的信息能帮助考生迅速定位细节,找到相关证据来选出正确答案。
2.      选项设计
历年高考阅读理解的试题命制均对选项设计要求很高。这充分体现了“较高的信度、效度和适当的区分度”的命题思想。命题人不仅要精心设计正确项,还要确保其他选项的干扰功能,且干扰项设置合理,强干扰和弱干扰相结合。此外,命题者还非常注重选项的美观和规范,四个选项长短大致统一,短语都是同一语法形式,句子主语指代和谓语语法形式都是四个统一、两两统一或四个不统一。选项选用文中信息大都采用了转述的方式。明确选项设计的思路、特点和方法对考生正确解题有深刻的指导意义。[1]
三、 细节理解题的解题方法
1.      细节理解题的类别及解题策略
根据高考阅读理解试题的命题特点,细节理解题一般可分为:一一对应型、语言转述型和语义理解性。考生可根据不同的类型用不同的方法去找出正确的答案。
⑴.一一对应型
一一对应型的细节题中答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合,一一对应,一目了然。这属于浅层次的阅读试题,一般出现在阅读理解第一篇的应用文中。对于这类题目,考生可运用题干定位法,带着问题回归原文去找答案。2020全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ中Passage A都是非常典型的一一对应型细节题的例子,这两篇文章六道题都是这一类型的题目。例如2020全国卷Ⅱ中第22题:
22.What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum?
A. Enjoy Romney’s works.  B. Have some interactive fun.
C. Attend a famous festival.       D. Learn the history of a family.
解析:根据题干关键词Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum,考生可以迅速定位到第二个attraction: Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum这一部分的第一段,根据The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.这一句话可以迅速地选出A项。
对于此类细节题,考生应先从题干中抓住关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,确定答案。我们可以归纳为十六个字:题干定位,快速查读,仔细对照,确定答案。
⑵.语言转述型
语言转述型的细节题中答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系,即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另类表达。这属于中档难度题,分数比例较大。对于这类题目,考生可采取语意转换法。这类题命题的设问一般与原文的描述方式不同,但是两者在语义理解上殊途同归,命题者常借用同义词、近义词、反义词或者同义转述的方式实现此类命题的测试效果。例如2020全国卷Ⅱ中第26题:
26. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.    
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.       
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
解析:根据文章最后一句话“However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.”可知男孩们比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的拼图。因此选择D项。其中选项中are likely to 和句中tend to意义相近,tougher和more complex是近义词。
利用同义词或者近义词达到语义转述的目的是细节理解题的命题策略之一。对于这类细节题,考生首先还是应根据题干中的关键词去定位细节,然后仔细阅读相关细节,留意文中与题干和选项同义或者近义的词,最后选出正确答案。这一类题的解题方法可以归纳为: 题干定位,查读细节,同义再现,确定答案。
⑶.语意理解型
  语意理解型细节题是一类深层次事实细节理解题,答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系,这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合才能得出正确答案。这类题属于较高难度的事实细节题,分数比例也较大。例如2019全国卷ⅠPassage C 第28题:
  [2019全国卷Ⅰ阅读C](节选)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys.                               
B. To improve accuracy in typing.
C. To replace the password system.                        
D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
 解析:第一段最后一句 “At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.”说到目前保护e-space的技术仍然很昂贵。第二段的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.” 这句话表明研究人员已研发出一种低成本的设备解决这个问题,且这句话中come up with和题干中develop意义相近,a low-cost device与选项中cut the cost属于同义转换。综合这两条信息可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。因此选D。
对于语意理解型的细节理解题,考生首先同样应该通过查找题干关键词的同义或者近义词去定位相关细节,然后仔细查读细节并注意选项和原文中的同义复现,综合分析上下文,最后确定正确答案。语意理解型细节题的解题方法可以总结为:题干定位,查读细节,同义再现,综合分析,确定答案。
2.      干扰项的特点
在确定正确答案的过程中,成功地排除干扰项也非常重要。阅读理解题的干扰项通常有以下几个特征:断章取义,文不对题,张冠李戴,无中生有。例如2019全国卷Ⅱ第29题:
[2019全国卷Ⅱ阅读C] A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
 “I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.
29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A. To meet with her coworkers.
B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own.
D. To collect data for her report.
解析:文中虽然有“has lunch with coworkers sometimes”的内容,说明Bechtel有时候会和同事一起吃午饭,但出去吃饭并不是为了见同事,因此A选项故意根据字眼迷惑考生,属于无中生有;B选项的出题依据是“but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk.”这句话的确是说Bechtel经常中午吃饭时间在加班,但这和题干内容“Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?”完全不相干,属于文不对题。D选项的出题依据是第一段中的“A new report found…”然而这段关于report的内容是关于人们喜欢独自用餐的研究数据,Bachtel是喜欢独自用餐的例子之一,并非她做的研究,因而这属于典型的张冠李戴。
   考生若根据不同的类型的细节题采用不同的阅读和解题方法,同时学会去理解出题人的意图排除干扰项,就一定能提高答题的速度和准确率,同时省出宝贵的时间去攻克相对较难的完形填空和写作。
四.结束语
   细节理解题考查考生快速寻找相关信息及理解信息的能力。这类题型的解答是有章可循的。考生要在平时的阅读训练中有意识地去训练总结这些答题的策略,学着去揣摩出题人的意图。另外,阅读方法和技巧是建立在语言基本功的基础之上的,因而考生在平时的英语学习中要注重积累,夯实基础,只有这样才能在高考中准确而迅速地选出正确答案,考出理想的成绩。
参考文献
[1] 杜志建.专题调研:英语阅读理解精讲精练[M]. 汕头:汕头大学出版社,2010.
 
 
 
 
 
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